Virtual storage address threshold for freemained frames

ABSTRACT

Address-based thresholds for freemained frames are used to determine retention actions. Based, at least in part, on a comparison of a number of freemained frames for an address space against a threshold of freemained frames for the address space, freemained frames can be retained or rejected and/or the threshold can be adjusted.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates generally to the field of electricalcomputers and digital processing systems, and more particularly tovirtual memory addressing.

Virtual storage (sometimes also called virtual memory) can be allocatedor deallocated. A frame backs a range of virtual storage. When a systemreleases virtual storage, a frame is either released or retained. If aframe is released, a system makes the frame available to back anyvirtual storage. Alternatively, a frame is retained to back virtualstorage (sometimes also called mapping) and sensitive information fromthe frame is erased. A frame retained to back virtual storage issometimes also called a freemained frame. A freemained frame is retainedfor an eventuality that a virtual storage range is reused. Freemainedframes are retained to improve system performance. Historically, effortshave been made to minimize adverse system impacts. To do so, countthresholds are set for the number of freemained frames that areretained. Freemained frames are sometimes also described as page framesbacking deallocated virtual storage.

SUMMARY

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is a method,computer program product, and/or system that performs the followingoperations (not necessarily in the following order): (i) receiving arequest to add a first set of freemained frames to an address space;(ii) determining a number of freemained frames for the address space;(iii) determining a virtual storage address threshold for the addressspace; (iv) comparing the number of freemained frames to a freemainedframe count target to generate a comparison; and (v) taking a retentionaction on the address space based, at least in part, on the comparison.At least determining the number of freemained frames for the addressspace is performed by computer software running on computer hardware.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram view of a first embodiment of a systemaccording to the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a first embodiment method performed, atleast in part, by the first embodiment system; and

FIG. 3 is a block diagram view of a machine logic (e.g., software)portion of the first embodiment system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Address-based thresholds for freemained frames are used to determineretention actions. Based, at least in part, on a comparison of a numberof freemained frames for an address space against a threshold offreemained frames for the address space, freemained frames can beretained or rejected and/or the threshold can be adjusted. This DetailedDescription section is divided into the following sub-sections: (i)Hardware and Software Environment; (ii) Example Embodiment; (iii)Further Comments and/or Embodiments; and (iv) Definitions.

I. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT

The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computerprogram product at any possible technical detail level of integration.The computer program product may include a computer readable storagemedium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereonfor causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that canretain and store instructions for use by an instruction executiondevice. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but isnot limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device,an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, asemiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of theforegoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of thecomputer readable storage medium includes the following: a portablecomputer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portablecompact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD),a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such aspunch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructionsrecorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. Acomputer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construedas being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freelypropagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagatingthrough a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulsespassing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmittedthrough a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can bedownloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computerreadable storage medium or to an external computer or external storagedevice via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, awide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprisecopper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wirelesstransmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/oredge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in eachcomputing/processing device receives computer readable programinstructions from the network and forwards the computer readable programinstructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium withinthe respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations ofthe present invention may be assembler instructions,instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions,machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions,state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, oreither source code or object code written in any combination of one ormore programming languages, including an object oriented programminglanguage such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programminglanguages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programminglanguages. The computer readable program instructions may executeentirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as astand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partlyon a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. Inthe latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user'scomputer through any type of network, including a local area network(LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to anexternal computer (for example, through the Internet using an InternetService Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including,for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gatearrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute thecomputer readable program instructions by utilizing state information ofthe computer readable program instructions to personalize the electroniccircuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to aprocessor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, orother programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, suchthat the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computeror other programmable data processing apparatus, create means forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructionsmay also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can directa computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or otherdevices to function in a particular manner, such that the computerreadable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises anarticle of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects ofthe function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram blockor blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto acomputer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other deviceto cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer,other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computerimplemented process, such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement thefunctions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block orblocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods, and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). In some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of theorder noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocksin the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implementedby special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts or carry out combinations of special purpose hardwareand computer instructions.

An embodiment of a possible hardware and software environment forsoftware and/or methods according to the present invention will now bedescribed in detail with reference to the Figures. FIG. 1 is afunctional block diagram illustrating various portions of networkedcomputers system 100, including: frame threshold sub-system 102; storageaddress sub-system 104; and storage manager sub-system 106. Framethreshold sub-system 102 contains: frame threshold computer 200; displaydevice 212; and external devices 214. Frame threshold computer 200contains: communication unit 202; processor set 204; input/output (I/O)interface set 206; memory device 208; and persistent storage device 210.Memory device 208 contains: random access memory (RAM) devices 230; andcache memory device 232. Persistent storage device 210 contains: virtualstorage range 234; threshold repository 236; and frame threshold program300.

Frame threshold sub-system 102 is, in many respects, representative ofthe various computer sub-systems in the present invention. Accordingly,several portions of frame threshold sub-system 102 will now be discussedin the following paragraphs.

Frame threshold sub-system 102 may be a laptop computer, a tabletcomputer, a netbook computer, a personal computer (PC), a desktopcomputer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, or anyprogrammable electronic device capable of communicating with othercomputer sub-systems. Frame threshold program 300 is a collection ofmachine readable instructions and/or data that is used to create,manage, and control certain software functions that will be discussed indetail, below, in the Example Embodiment sub-section of this DetailedDescription section.

Frame threshold sub-system 102 is shown as a block diagram with manydouble arrows. These double arrows (no separate reference numerals)represent a communications fabric, which provides communications betweenvarious components of frame threshold sub-system 102. Thiscommunications fabric can be implemented with any architecture designedfor passing data and/or control information between processors (such asmicroprocessors, communications processors, and/or network processors,etc.), system memory, peripheral devices, and any other hardwarecomponents within a system. For example, the communications fabric canbe implemented, at least in part, with one or more buses.

Memory device 208 and persistent storage device 210 are computerreadable storage media. In general, memory device 208 can include anysuitable volatile or non-volatile computer readable storage media. It isfurther noted that, now and/or in the near future: (i) external devices214 may be able to supply some, or all, memory for frame thresholdsub-system 102; and/or (ii) devices external to frame thresholdsub-system 102 may be able to provide memory for frame thresholdsub-system 102.

Frame threshold program 300 is stored in persistent storage device 210for access and/or execution by one or more processors of processor set204, usually through memory device 208. Persistent storage device 210:(i) is at least more persistent than a signal in transit; (ii) storesthe program (including its soft logic and/or data) on a tangible medium(such as magnetic or optical domains); and (iii) is substantially lesspersistent than permanent storage. Alternatively, data storage may bemore persistent and/or permanent than the type of storage provided bypersistent storage device 210.

Frame threshold program 300 may include both substantive data (that is,the type of data stored in a database) and/or machine readable andperformable instructions. In this particular embodiment (i.e., FIG. 1),persistent storage device 210 includes a magnetic hard disk drive. Toname some possible variations, persistent storage device 210 may includea solid-state hard drive, a semiconductor storage device, a read-onlymemory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), a flashmemory, or any other computer readable storage media that is capable ofstoring program instructions or digital information.

The media used by persistent storage device 210 may also be removable.For example, a removable hard drive may be used for persistent storagedevice 210. Other examples include optical and magnetic disks, thumbdrives, and smart cards that are inserted into a drive for transfer ontoanother computer readable storage medium that is also part of persistentstorage device 210.

Communication unit 202, in these examples, provides for communicationswith other data processing systems or devices external to framethreshold sub-system 102. In these examples, communication unit 202includes one or more network interface cards. Communication unit 202 mayprovide communications through the use of either or both physical andwireless communications links. Any software modules discussed herein maybe downloaded to a persistent storage device (such as persistent storagedevice 210) through a communications unit (such as communication unit202).

I/O interface set 206 allows for input and output of data with otherdevices that may be connected locally in data communication with framethreshold computer 200. For example, I/O interface set 206 provides aconnection to external devices 214. External devices 214 will typicallyinclude devices, such as a keyboard, a keypad, a touch screen, and/orsome other suitable input device. External devices 214 can also includeportable computer readable storage media, such as, for example, thumbdrives, portable optical or magnetic disks, and memory cards. Softwareand data used to practice embodiments of the present invention (e.g.,frame threshold program 300) can be stored on such portable computerreadable storage media. In these embodiments, the relevant software may(or may not) be loaded, in whole or in part, onto persistent storagedevice 210 via I/O interface set 206. I/O interface set 206 alsoconnects in data communication with display device 212.

Display device 212 provides a mechanism to display data to a user andmay be, for example, a computer monitor or a smart phone display screen.

The programs described herein are identified based upon the applicationfor which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of theinvention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular programnomenclature herein is used merely for convenience, and thus, theinvention should not be limited to use solely in any specificapplication identified and/or implied by such nomenclature.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present inventionhave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the describedembodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain theprinciples of the embodiments, the practical application or technicalimprovement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

II. EXAMPLE EMBODIMENT

FIG. 2 shows flowchart 250 depicting a method according to the presentinvention. FIG. 3 shows frame threshold program 300, which performs atleast some of the method operations of flowchart 250. This method andassociated software will now be discussed, over the course of thefollowing paragraphs, with extensive reference to FIG. 2 (for the methodoperation blocks) and FIG. 3 (for the software blocks).

Processing begins at operation S255, where receive request module(“mod”) 302 receives a request to add a set of freemained frames to anaddress space. An address space is a set of ranges of virtual storageaddresses (“VSAs”). In some embodiments of the present invention, VSAsare used for a specific purpose, application, and/or process. In thisexample, receive request mod 302 receives a request to add 50 freemainedframes to a first address space. In some embodiments of the presentinvention, receive request mod 302 receives a plurality of requests forone address space. In some of those embodiments, receive request mod 302combines a plurality of requests for one address space into a singlerequest.

Processing proceeds to operation S260, where determine frames mod 304determines a number of freemained frames for an address space. A numberof freemained frames for an address space is sometimes also called acount of freemained frames for an address space. In this example,determine frames mod 304 counts a number of freemained frames for afirst address space. Here, determine frames mod 304 determines the firstaddress space has 800 freemained frames. In some embodiments of thepresent invention, determine frames mod 304 indexes a set of freemainedframes.

Processing proceeds to operation S265, where determine threshold mod 306determines a VSA threshold relating to a set of freemained frames for anaddress space. Various address spaces have varying VSA thresholds. A VSAthreshold can be changed over time. In this example, determine thresholdmod 306 determines a VSA threshold for an address space. In someembodiments of the present invention, determine threshold mod 306 uses aVSA threshold as an address barrier. For example, if determine thresholdmod 306 determines a VSA threshold for an address space is address 850,freemained frames can be added to addresses at or below 850 but cannotbe added to addresses above address 850. Alternatively, determinethreshold mod 306 determines a VSA threshold based, at least in part, ona freemained frame count target and/or a number of freemained frames foran address space. In some embodiments of the present invention,determine threshold mod 306 receives an address space for which todetermine a VSA threshold based, at least in part, on an input.Alternatively, determine threshold mod 306 receives an address space forwhich to determine a VSA threshold based, at least in part, on: (i) atime lapse from a previous analysis of the address space; (ii) a releaseof a range of virtual storage; (iii) a request to add a set offreemained frames; and/or (iv) a trigger. In this example, determinethreshold mod 306 determines a VSA threshold for the first addressspace. Here, determine threshold mod 306 determines the VSA thresholdfor the first address space is 2000.

Processing proceeds to operation S270, where compare mod 308 compares anumber of freemained frames for an address space to a count target. Acount target is a desired number of freemained frames for an addressspace. In some embodiments of the present invention, compare mod 308determines a count target for an address space. In other embodiments,compare mod 308 receives a count target for an address space as aninput. Alternatively, compare mod 308 determines a count target based,at least in part, on a VSA threshold for an address space. In someembodiments of the present invention, compare mod 308 uses tierdescriptors to describe a comparison of a number of freemained framesfor an address space to a count target. In some other embodiments,compare mod 308 uses percentages to describe a comparison of a number offreemained frames for an address space to a count target. For example,compare mod 308 uses: (i) “below” to signify that a number of freemainedframes is less than 90% of a count target; (ii) “okay” to signify that anumber of freemained frames is at least 90% of a count target, but lessthan 150% of the count target; (iii) “high” to signify that a number offreemained frames is at least 150% of a count target, but less than 200%of the count target; and (iv) “full” to signify that a number offreemained frames is at least 200% of a count target. Alternatively,compare mod 308 uses a numerical value to describe a comparison of anumber of freemained frames for an address space to a count target. Inthis example, compare mod 308 determines a count target is 1000; here,compare mod 308 compares the number of freemained frames determined inoperation S260 against the count target. Here, compare mod 308determines that the number of freemained frames (800) is 80% of thecount target (1000), and therefore, compare mod 308 describes thecomparison as “below.”

Processing terminates at operation S275, where take action mod 310 takesa set of actions with respect to a number of freemained frames for anaddress space, a count target, and/or a VSA threshold. In someembodiments of the present invention, take action mod 310 takes one ormore actions including, but not limited to: (i) increasing a VSAthreshold; (ii) decreasing a VSA threshold; (iii) increasing a counttarget; (iv) decreasing a count target; (v) permitting a request to adda set of freemained frames for an address space; (vi) denying a requestto add a set of freemained frames for an address space; and/or (vii)removing and/or deleting a set of freemained frames (sometimes alsocalled scheduling an asynchronous thread). In this example, becausecompare mod 308 determined that the number of freemained frames for thefirst address space is “below” the count target, take action mod 310permits the request to add 50 freemained frames for the first addressspace and increases the VSA threshold to 2050. Here, take action mod 310does not adjust the count target, which remains at 1000; the number offreemained frames, therefore, has increased to 850.

III. FURTHER COMMENTS AND/OR EMBODIMENTS

Some embodiments of the present invention recognize the following facts,potential problems, and/or potential areas for improvement with respectto the current state of the art: (i) count-based thresholds forfreemained frames do not take into account address locations of variousfreemained frames; and/or (ii) count-based thresholds for freemainedframes do not take into account a likelihood of reuse of a freemainedframe.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a frame thresholdsub-system adjusts a VSA threshold (e.g., increases, decreases) by astep value. In some of these embodiments, a frame threshold sub-systempredetermines a step value. In some embodiments, a step value isone-half of the absolute difference between a number of freemainedframes for an address space and a VSA threshold. For example, the numberof freemained frames is 1500; the VSA threshold is 2000; the counttarget is 1000; the step value is (1500−1000)/2=250 addresses;therefore, the VSA threshold becomes 2250 or 1750. Alternatively, a stepvalue is one address.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a frame thresholdsub-system takes an action based, at least in part, on a result of acomparison. For example, based, at least in part, on the result of acomparison, a frame threshold sub-system takes an action including, butlimited to: (i) “below”: permit request to add a set of freemainedframes for an address space and increase a VSA threshold; (ii) “okay”:permit request to add a set of freemained frames for an address space;(iii) “high”: permit request to add a set of freemained frames for anaddress space and decrease a VSA threshold; and/or (iv) “full”: denyrequest to add a set of freemained frames for an address space anddecrease a VSA threshold.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i)translating a count-based threshold to an address-based threshold; (ii)using an address-based threshold to signal compression is needed; (iii)employing address-based thresholds to better interact with freemainedframes; (iv) determining VSA thresholds set by a system resourcemanager; and/or (v) determining VSA thresholds set by a virtual storagemanager.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i) reusingfreemained frames with lower address spaces; (ii) determining a set offreemained frames to reuse based, at least in part, on an address; (iii)determining a set of freemained frames based, at least in part, on alower relative address; (iv) ordering a set of freemained frames todisallow based, at least in part, on an address; (v) disallowing a setof freemained frames over a period of time based, at least in part, onan address space; and/or (vi) disallowing a set of freemained frames ata single time based, at least in part, on an address space.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i)maintaining a VSA threshold to restrict use of freemained frames athigher address values; (ii) maintaining a VSA threshold to restrict useof freemained frames at higher page address spaces at higher addressvalues before freemained frames at lower address values; (iii) loweringa VSA threshold as a number of freemained frames exceeds a count target;(iv) dynamically lowering a VSA threshold as a number of freemainedframes exceeds a count target; (v) raising a VSA threshold as a numberof freemained frames falls below a count target; and/or (vi) dynamicallyraising a VSA threshold as a number of freemained frames falls below acount target.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i)determining a VSA threshold for a number of freemained frames based, atleast on a system resource manager; (ii) determining a VSA threshold fora number of freemained frames for an address space based, at least inpart, on a system resource manager; (iii) determining a VSA thresholdfor a number of freemained frames for an address space based, at leastin part, on a target set by a system resource manager; (iv) determininga number of freemained frames to retain; (v) determining a number offreemained frames to retain based, at least in part, on a VSA threshold,after a count target is met; and/or (vi) determining a number offreemained frames to retain based, at least in part, on a VSA threshold,after a count target is met based, at least in part, on a memory manager(sometimes also called a real storage manager).

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i) a set offreemained frames may exist beyond a VSA threshold; (ii) a set offreemained frames may exist at an address when a VSA threshold isdecreased from above that address to below that address; and (iii) anumber of freemained frames may be below a count target.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i)maintaining a count of a number of freemained frames in real time; (ii)determining a count of a number of freemained frames responsive to arequest to add a set of freemained frames; (iii) dynamically updating acount of a number of freemained frames in real time; (iv) updating acount of a number of freemained frames responsive to a request to add aset of freemained frames; (v) allowing freemained frames up to a VSAthreshold; (vi) initializing a VSA threshold at a maximum value (e.g.,for 31-bit addressing a maximum value is “7FFFFFFFx”); and/or (vii)lowering a VSA threshold for freemained frames to a lowest value of thepages for an address space.

Some embodiments of the present invention may include one, or more, ofthe following features, characteristics, and/or advantages: (i) loweringa VSA threshold of freemained frames; (ii) scheduling an asynchronousthread (sometimes also called a service request block) to reduce anumber of freemained frames; (iii) eliminating freemained frames; and/or(iv) eliminating freemained frames starting with a highest addressspace. In some embodiments, an asynchronous thread is scheduled tomanipulate frames backing a set of highest address spaces first.

IV. DEFINITIONS

“Present invention” does not create an absolute indication and/orimplication that the described subject matter is covered by the initialset of claims, as filed, by any as-amended set of claims drafted duringprosecution, and/or by the final set of claims allowed through patentprosecution and included in the issued patent. The term “presentinvention” is used to assist in indicating a portion or multipleportions of the disclosure that might possibly include an advancement ormultiple advancements over the state of the art. This understanding ofthe term “present invention” and the indications and/or implicationsthereof are tentative and provisional and are subject to change duringthe course of patent prosecution as relevant information is developedand as the claims may be amended.

“Embodiment,” see the definition for “present invention.”

“And/or” is the inclusive disjunction, also known as the logicaldisjunction and commonly known as the “inclusive or.” For example, thephrase “A, B, and/or C,” means that at least one of A or B or C is true;and “A, B, and/or C” is only false if each of A and B and C is false.

A “set of” items means there exists one or more items; there must existat least one item, but there can also be two, three, or more items. A“subset of” items means there exists one or more items within a groupingof items that contain a common characteristic.

A “plurality of” items means there exists at more than one item; theremust exist at least two items, but there can also be three, four, ormore items.

“Includes” and any variants (e.g., including, include, etc.) means,unless explicitly noted otherwise, “includes, but is not necessarilylimited to.”

A “user” or a “subscriber” includes, but is not necessarily limited to:(i) a single individual human; (ii) an artificial intelligence entitywith sufficient intelligence to act in the place of a single individualhuman or more than one human; (iii) a business entity for which actionsare being taken by a single individual human or more than one human;and/or (iv) a combination of any one or more related “users” or“subscribers” acting as a single “user” or “subscriber.”

The terms “receive,” “provide,” “send,” “input,” “output,” and “report”should not be taken to indicate or imply, unless otherwise explicitlyspecified: (i) any particular degree of directness with respect to therelationship between an object and a subject; and/or (ii) a presence orabsence of a set of intermediate components, intermediate actions,and/or things interposed between an object and a subject.

A “module” is any set of hardware, firmware, and/or software thatoperatively works to do a function, without regard to whether the moduleis: (i) in a single local proximity; (ii) distributed over a wide area;(iii) in a single proximity within a larger piece of software code; (iv)located within a single piece of software code; (v) located in a singlestorage device, memory, or medium; (vi) mechanically connected; (vii)electrically connected; and/or (viii) connected in data communication. A“sub-module” is a “module” within a “module.”

A “computer” is any device with significant data processing and/ormachine readable instruction reading capabilities including, but notnecessarily limited to: desktop computers; mainframe computers; laptopcomputers; field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based devices; smartphones; personal digital assistants (PDAs); body-mounted or insertedcomputers; embedded device style computers; and/or application-specificintegrated circuit (ASIC) based devices.

“Electrically connected” means either indirectly electrically connectedsuch that intervening elements are present or directly electricallyconnected. An “electrical connection” may include, but need not belimited to, elements such as capacitors, inductors, transformers, vacuumtubes, and the like.

“Mechanically connected” means either indirect mechanical connectionsmade through intermediate components or direct mechanical connections.“Mechanically connected” includes rigid mechanical connections as wellas mechanical connection that allows for relative motion between themechanically connected components. “Mechanically connected” includes,but is not limited to: welded connections; solder connections;connections by fasteners (e.g., nails, bolts, screws, nuts,hook-and-loop fasteners, knots, rivets, quick-release connections,latches, and/or magnetic connections); force fit connections; frictionfit connections; connections secured by engagement caused bygravitational forces; pivoting or rotatable connections; and/or slidablemechanical connections.

A “data communication” includes, but is not necessarily limited to, anysort of data communication scheme now known or to be developed in thefuture. “Data communications” include, but are not necessarily limitedto: wireless communication; wired communication; and/or communicationroutes that have wireless and wired portions. A “data communication” isnot necessarily limited to: (i) direct data communication; (ii) indirectdata communication; and/or (iii) data communication where the format,packetization status, medium, encryption status, and/or protocol remainsconstant over the entire course of the data communication.

The phrase “without substantial human intervention” means a process thatoccurs automatically (often by operation of machine logic, such assoftware) with little or no human input. Some examples that involve “nosubstantial human intervention” include: (i) a computer is performingcomplex processing and a human switches the computer to an alternativepower supply due to an outage of grid power so that processing continuesuninterrupted; (ii) a computer is about to perform resource intensiveprocessing and a human confirms that the resource-intensive processingshould indeed be undertaken (in this case, the process of confirmation,considered in isolation, is with substantial human intervention, but theresource intensive processing does not include any substantial humanintervention, notwithstanding the simple yes-no style confirmationrequired to be made by a human); and (iii) using machine logic, acomputer has made a weighty decision (for example, a decision to groundall airplanes in anticipation of bad weather), but, before implementingthe weighty decision the computer must obtain simple yes-no styleconfirmation from a human source.

“Automatically” means “without any human intervention.”

The term “real time” includes any time frame of sufficiently shortduration as to provide reasonable response time for informationprocessing as described. Additionally, the term “real time” includeswhat is commonly termed “near real time,” generally any time frame ofsufficiently short duration as to provide reasonable response time foron-demand information processing as described (e.g., within a portion ofa second or within a few seconds). These terms, while difficult toprecisely define, are well understood by those skilled in the art.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer system comprising: a processor set;and a computer readable storage medium; wherein: the processor set isstructured, located, connected, and/or programmed to executeinstructions stored on the computer readable storage medium; and theinstructions include: first instructions executable by a device to causethe device to receive a request to add a first set of freemained framesto an address space; second instructions executable by a device to causethe device to determine a first freemained frame count target based onthe address space; third instructions executable by a device to causethe device to count a second set of freemained frames in the addressspace to generate a first count of freemained frames; fourthinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to determine avirtual storage address threshold for the address space based on thefirst freemained frame count target and the first count of freemainedframes; fifth instructions executable by a device to cause the device toindex the second set of freemained frames to create a first index; sixthinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to count a thirdset of freemained frames in the address space to generate a second countof freemained frames, wherein the third set of freemained frames arebelow the virtual storage address threshold based on the first index;seventh instructions executable by a device to cause the device to indexthe third set of freemained frames to create a second index; eighthinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to compare thefirst count of freemained frames to the first freemained frame counttarget to generate a comparison; ninth instructions executable by adevice to cause the device to describe the comparison of the count offreemained frames to the first freemained frame count target with a tierdescriptor, wherein the tier descriptor is “full”; tenth instructionsexecutable by a device to cause the device to determine a step value isone-half of an absolute difference between the count of freemainedframes and the first freemained frame count target; eleventhinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to take a firstretention action on the virtual storage address threshold based on thecomparison, wherein the first retention action is to decrease thevirtual storage address threshold by the step value; twelfthinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to take a secondretention action on the address space based on the comparison, wherein:the second retention action is to delete a subset of the second set offreemained frames, and each freemained frame in the subset of the secondset of freemained frames is above the virtual storage address thresholdbased on the first index; thirteenth instructions executable by a deviceto cause the device to update the first count of freemained frames basedon the second retention action; fourteenth instructions executable by adevice to cause the device to update the first index based on the secondretention action; fifteenth instructions executable by a device to causethe device to update the second count of freemained frames based on: thefirst retention action, and the second retention action; and sixteenthinstructions executable by a device to cause the device to update thesecond index based on: the first retention action, and the secondretention action.